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B. Shoba ¹, T. Thamizhilakiya ¹, K. Jayanthi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of ECE, Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry, IN

Abstract

Timing synchronization in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system must be performed efficiently and effectively to prevent inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). In this paper, a new training symbol based timing synchronization technique is proposed for OFDM systems for both outdoor as well as indoor environments and compared with the performance of existing time synchronization techniques. Simulation results are shown and it has been proved that, the proposed method outperforms the existing techniques.

Keywords

OFDM, Timing Synchronization, Orthogonality, Symbol Timing Offset, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), Inter Carrier Interference (ICI), Training Symbol.

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R. Malathi ¹, B. Shoba ¹, P. Sindhuja ¹, S. Vimala ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-641010, IN
2 Department of Civil Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul-624622, IN

Abstract

The leachate is a highly contaminant water hence it needs to be treated. The main aims of this research were to determine the Chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and heavy metals (zinc, chromium, lead, cadmium and nickel) in leachate in landfill area. The pollutants were analyzed using coagulation and flocculation process. The coagulants used were the aluminum sulphate (alum) and ferric chloride. The jar test apparatus were employed for the removal of pollutants. The experiments were carried out by varying the dosage of coagulants. The optimum pH level and the dosage level are also found as 8.5 and 3 g/l for ferric chloride and for alum 10.5 and 1.5 g/l. The alum is found to be efficient in the removal of heavy metals and ferric chloride for COD.

Keywords

Leachate, Coagulation-Flocculation, COD, Heavy Metals, Alum, Ferric Chloride.

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